Influence of Route of Injection on Efficacy and Side Effects of Immunisation.
نویسندگان
چکیده
Immunisation experiments are performed on a large scale in laboratory animals e.g. for the production of antibodies. Depending on the immunisation protocol, severe discomfort may be induced. In several countries, guidelines for the immunisation of laboratory animals were drafted to refine immunisation protocols. One of the aspects that effects the immune response as well as the side effects is the route of injection. Careful selection of the route of injection is therefore crucial to refine immunisation protocols. In several papers the influence of the route of injection on the immune response is studied but generally the induced discomfort in the animals is not evaluated.In several comparative experiments we studied the influence of the route of injection on efficacy and side effects. The most widely used routes of injection were compared in rabbits (subcutaneous and intramuscular injection) and in mice (subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection). After the injection of several adjuvant- (Freund's adjuvant, TiterMax, RIBI, Specol, or Montanide ISA50) and antigen- (synthetic peptide, glycolipid, or particulate antigen) combinations by different routes, we studied antibody production to evaluate efficacy of the injection and clinical-, physiological- and behavioural parameters and pathology (macroscopy/microscopy) to compare the induced side effects. In both rabbits and mice minimal differences in antibody titers were found between the two routes under study. However, differences in the severity of the induced side effects did occur. In rabbits, no significant differences were found in clinical, physiological and behavioural parameters but severe pathological changes were found depending on the route of injection. In mice, the intraperitoneal injection induces significant discomfort as compared to subcutaneous injection as shown by the severity of the pathological changes in the peritoneum and by the decreased activity of the animals. Important disadvantages of intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections are that these injections are difficult to perform properly and that the injection site is hard to monitor. Since minimal differences in antibody production were found between the two routes of injection, we concluded that the subcutaneous route of injection is preferred for the induction of polyclonal antibodies in rabbits and mice when an adjuvant is applied.
منابع مشابه
EVALUATION OF SIDE EFFECTS OF LOW DOSE CONTRACEPTIV E PILLS ADMINISTERED BY THE VAGINAL ROUTE
Oral contraceptive pills have several side effects especially on the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Absorption of low dose (LD) pills by the vaginal route avoids the first pass of the steroids through these tracts and probably has fewer side effects. This study was a cohort study for evaluation of side effects and acceptability of LD pills administered by the vaginal route. In a clinical...
متن کاملComparison of Efficacy and Side Effects of Different Administration Routes of Misoprostol (Oral, Vaginal, and Sublingual) for Second-Trimester Abortion
Background The current study was designed to compare the effectiveness and side effects of oral, vaginal, and sublingual misoprostol in termination of second-trimester pregnancy. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial (2014 to 2015), 85 pregnant women in the second trimester of pregnancy were included in Imam Reza hospital, Kermanshah, Iran. They were randomly divided into three groups a...
متن کاملComparison of the Efficacy and Side Effects of Intravenous and Intramuscular Injection of Ketamine for Children Requiring Sedation: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial Study
Background Ketamine is an antagonist receptor of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and phencyclidine derivate sedative agent. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) injection of Ketamine for sedation procedure of children. Materials and Methods In this randomized clinical trial the patients, 1-6 year-old children referred to Emergency Departm...
متن کاملA comparison of pneumotorax and phrenic nerve pulsy complications using the methods: supraclavicular nerve block, routine and ten degree cephalic route
Background: Supraclavicular nerve block is a method for upper limb surgery in Anesthesiology. In this method that is common for supraclavicular block, injection anesthesia on the first rib and it has complications such as pneumothorax, phrenic never pulsy, infection, intra spinal injection. In this study injection with a 10 degree cephalic side as compared with the first rib in order to decreas...
متن کاملComparisso of intralesionally injected Zink sulfate and pentavalent Antimony compound in treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis
acute cutaneous leishmaniasis(ACL) is an endemic disease in developing countries.the first line drug for treatment of ACL.according to WHO recommendation,is the pentavalent antimony compounds such as meglumine antimoniate(Glucantime{SB}).high cost ,side effects,multiple injections and incomplete efficacy are limitations of this therapy.we evaluated the efficacy of intralesional(IL) injection of...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید
ثبت ناماگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید
ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- ALTEX
دوره 15 5 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1998